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projecting porticoes, or surrounded by colonnades
and arcades, which give them much the appear-
ance of Grecian temples. Since the commence-
ment of the present century, Calcutta has been
greatly improved, both in appearance and in the
salubrity of its air; the streets have been proper-
ly drained, and the ponds filled ; thereby remov-
ing a va3t surface of stagnant water, the exhala-
tions of which were particularly hurtful. Con-
u uious to the old fort is a spacious square, on
om side of which is the college, founded also un-
der i e administration of the Marquis Wellesley
in 180! ; another side of the square is occupied
by buildings appropriated to the use of the junior
servants of the company, and the remainder is
occupied by some of the principal traders. Cal-
cutta is the residence of a bishop, who, assisted
by three archdeacons, is intrusted with the eccle-
siastical affairs of all the British possessions in
Asia; the cathedral is a spacious edifice. Here
is likewise a supreme court of judicature, in which
justice is dispensed according to the laws of Eng-
land, by a chief justice and three puisne judges.
The natives of the province still retain their Hin-
doo laws, as well as religion, and courts are duly
appointed for the administration of justice accord-
ingly. The southern part of Calcutta is occupi-
ed almost entirely by Europeans, who have adopt-
ed a style of building at once magnificent in its
apoearance and well adapted to the climate. Eve-
ry house is detached, inclosed with walls and front-
ed with an elegant veranda shading a flight of
steps. The northern part is chiefly inhabited by
natives, whose dwellings are foi the most part
mere mud or bamboo cottages. The mixture of
European and Asiatic manners, that may be ob-
served in Calcutta, is curious : coaches, phaetons,
single-horse chaises, with the palanquins and hack-
eries of the natives, the passing ceremonies of the
Hindoos, and the different appearance of the
fakirs, form a sight more novel and extraordinary,
perhaps, than any other city in the world can
oresent. The Hoogly is navigable up to the town
for ships of 400 to 500 tons, but those of greater
burden lie at Diamond Point, about 50 miles below,
their cargoes being conveyed to . and from the
town by lighters. Independently of its commer-
cial intercourse with England, Calcutta main-
tains an extensive intercourse with China as well
as with almost every port in Asia, and islands
in the eastern seas, with which an interchange
is efleeted in every possible commodity that man-
kind can desire, either for subsistence and com-
fort. or to gratify the most refined and luxurious
taste. Ship-building is also carried on to a great ex-
tent; there are several banking establishments
to facilitate the operations of commerce, and in-
surance establishments for its protection. The
control of the governor-general, and council of
Bengal, at Calcutta, extends over the presidencies
of Madras. Bombay, and Bencoolen; the extent
of the civil establishments attending the admin-
istration of so extensive an empire, in addition to
the military and commercial affairs of the place,
necessarily give an importance to Calcutta beyond
that of any city in Asia, except those of China and
Japan. The new fort is in the lat. of 22. 35. N.,
and 88. 28. E. kmg.. 1,030 m. N. N. E. of Madras,
and about 1,106 E. N. E. of Bombay.
Caldas, the name of several small towns in dif-
ferent parts of Spain and Portugal, which, like
the Badens of Germany, implies their contiguity
to hot or medicinal springs: one 25 m. N. by E.
of Lisbon, another 10 m. N. E. of Castel Branco; |
another contiguous to Montalegrc, 00 m. N. E of
Oporto; another 15 m. N. of Barcelona; anotnel
25 m. N. of Vigo.
Cal.decot, a village in Monmouthshire, Eng. sea-
ted m a plain, five miles S. W. of Chepstow and
noted for the massy remains of its castle. There
are six other villages of the same name in differ-
ent parts of England.
CalAcr, a river of England which rises on the
west border of Yorkshire, flows by Halifax to
Wakefield, and eight miles below joins the Aire.
It is navigable the greater part of its course.
There are three or four rivers, and as many villa-
ges, named Calder,.in different parts of Scotland
Caldolzburg, a town of Franconia, in the prin-
cipality of Anspaeh, with a castle, 18 m. N. E.
of Anspaeh. It is now included in the Bavarian
circle of Rezat.
Caldwell, p.t. Warren Co. N. Y. on Lake
George, 56 m. N. Albany. Pop. 797. Also a
town in Essex Co. N. J.
Caldwell, an interior county in the western part
of Kentucky, bounded on the south-west by* the
great Cumberland River. Pop. 8,332. Eddy-
ville, on the north bank of the river, about 30
miles above its entrance into the Ohio, and 200
S. W. of Frankfort, is the chief town.
Caledon, a town in the parish of Aughloe,
(sometimes called Caledon,) south part of the
county of Tyrone, Ireland. Pop. of the town in
1821, 856, and of the parish 7,148.
Caledonia, a county in the north part of Ver-
mont, the south-east part of which is bounded by
the Connecticut River, which divides it from New
Hampshire. Pop. 20,967. Danville, in the cen-
tre of the county, about 20 m. N. E. of Montpe-
lier. is the chief town.
Caledonia, a township of Livingston county,
N. York, lying to the west of Genesee river, and
south of Erie canal. 245 m. W. of Albany. Big
Spring, remarkable for the abundance of its water,
is in this township. Pop. 1,618.
Caledonia, New, an island in the Pacific Ocean,
to the east of New Holland, discovered by Cook,
in 1774. It is 260 miles from north-west to south-
east, and 70 broad. The inhabitants are strong,'
active, and well made ; their hair is black and
much frizzled, but not woolly; their beards are
crisp and thick; they besmear their faces with
black pigment, and their only covering is a wrap-
per made from the bark of a tree, or of leaves.
Their houses are circular, like a bee-hive ; form-
ed of small spars and reeds, covered with long
coarse grass, and the floor laid with dry grass
They deposit their dead in the ground, and deco-
rate the grave of their chiefs with spears, darts,
paddles, &c. They are of a pacific disposition,
and their women chaster than those of the more
eastern islands. They cultivate the soil with
some art and industry7, but sifbsist chiefly on roots
and fish. Plantains and sugar-canes are not piety
tiful; bread-fruit is scarce, and cocoa-nut tre/s
are but thinly planted ; but yams and taras are in
great abundance. The cape at the south end,
called Queen Charlotte Foreland, is in long. 167.
12. E. lat. 22. 15. S.
Calehburg, a principality of Lower Saxony,
which constitutes a part of the duchy of Bruns-
wick. It is divided into two parts by the princi-
pality of Wolfenbuttel. The south part is inter-
sected from east to west by the Werra, and the
chief town is Gottingen. The Lena has its
source in this part, near the banks of the Werra,
and runs north through the principality of Wolf
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