of its authority over all this part of South Ameri-
ca. This territory then became one great republic
under the denomination of Colombia.

Caracas, or Leon de Caracas, the chief town of
New Venezuela, a province of the republic of Co-
lombia, is situated on an elevated plain, 2,900 feet
above the level of the sea, at a distance of about 8
m. from the shore, in the lat. of 10.31. N. and 67. of
W. long. Notwithstanding its altitude, it is wa-
tered by two or three streams, whilst, by its eleva-
tion it enjoys a comparatively temperate and de-
lightful climate. The town is regularly laid out
and has two or three squares, a cathedral, college,
xe2x80xa2 and several churches, but none remarkable for
architectural beauty. The population in 1802 was
estimated at 42,000, but an earthquake in March,
1812, destroyed 12,000 of the number, as well as
great part of the town. Its markets are well sup-
plied with almost every luxury as well as neces-
sary of life. (See Laguira.)

Caraman, a town of France, jn the department
of Upper Garonne, 20 m. S. E. of Toulouse. Pop.
about 2,300.

Caramania, a province of Asiatic Turkey, to
the east of Natolia. It comprehends the ancient
Pamphilia, and a great part of Cilicia, Pisidia, and
Cappadocia. It contains several lakes, which a-
hound with fish, and furnish great quantities of
salt, and the Kisil Jermak river intersects the
eastern part of the province, running north into
the Black Sea. Cogni, or Konieh, in the lat. of38.

10. N. and 32. 25. of E. long, is the capital.

Caramanta, a district of Colombia, included in
the south part of the province of Magdalena;
hounded on the west by Ystmo, south by Popayan
and east hy Zulia. It is a valley surrounded by
high mountains, and there are waters whence the
natives get salt. The capital, of the same name,
is seated on the Cauca, 240 m. N. N. E. of Popa-
van. Long. 75. 15. W. lat. 5.18. N.

Carangas, a town of Peru, capital of a district
which contains valuable silver mines, and feeds a
great number of cattle. It is 45 m. W. of Potosi

Carara, properly Carrara, a town of Italy, in
the principality of Massa, celebrated for its quar-
ries of marble of various colours. It is 5 m. N.
N. E. of Massa.

Carasui, a lake of European Turkey, in Bul-
garia, 55 miles in circumference, containing sev-
eral islands. It is formed by a branch of the Dan-
ube, not far from its entrance into the Black Sea.

Caravaya, a town of Peru, capital of a jurisdic-
tion of the same name. It is 160 miles S. E.
of Cuzco. Long. 69. 36. W. lat. 14. 40. S.

Carbonne, a town of France, in the department
of Upper Garonne, on the east bank of the river
Garonne, 25 m. S. by W. of Toulouse. Pop. about

2,000.

Carcagante, a town of Valencia, on the south
bank of the- river Xucar, 25 m. S. of the city of
Valencia.

Carcassone, a city of France, capital ot the de
partment of Aude, and a bishop’s see^Jt is situ-
ate on the line of the grand canal of flpnguedoc,
and divided into the upper and lower town by the
Aude, over which is a stone bridge. In the upper
to win, called the city, are a strong castle and the
cathedral. The lower town is square, regularly
built, and kept very neat, by means of an aque-
duct which brings ine waters of the Aude to dif-
ferent fountains. Here are manufactures of all
sorts of cloth. It is 35 m. W. of Narbonne, and
50 S. E. of Toulouse. Pop. about 15,000.

Carculla, or Caricul, a town of Hindoostan, in

Canara, chiefly inhabited by shopkeepers. In an
open temple here is the image of a naked man, 38
feet in height by 19 in thickness, made of one
piece of granite. Much rice, ginger, turmeric,
and betel-nut, is raised in the vicinity. It is seat-
ed between two lakes, or tanks, which give source
to two rivers, 26 m. N. by E. of Mangalore.

Cardiff, a borough and seaport of Wales, capital
of Glamorganshire. It is seated on the Taafe,
over which there is a handsome bridge of five
arches. Its castle was an elegant Gothic struc-
ture, but has lately undergone a motley repair
The town was formerly encompassed by a wall,
and vestiges of its four gates yet remain. The
constable of the castle is the chief magistrate, who
is called mayor; and here the assizes for the
county are held. Near the town are some iron
works, and a canal, extending 25 miles, to the
great iron works at Merthyr Tidvil. In the castle
died Robert, duke of Normandy, eldest son of
William the Conqueror, after having been blind-
ed, and confined 28 years, by his brother Henry

I. Cardiff is 40 miles west of Bristol, 47 east of
Swansea, and 160 west of London. Long. 3. 12.
W. lat. 51. 28. N. Pop. in 1821, 3,521.

Cardigan, a maritime county of South Wales,
extending for about 50 miles along the shore of
St. George’s Channel, from the river Tievy, whicji
divides it from Pembroke and Caermarthenshires
on the south, to the Dovey, which divides it from
Merionethshire, north ; being about 30 miles in
mean breadth, bounded on the east by the coun-
ties of Montgomery, Radnor, and Brecknock.
The Rheidal and one or two other rivers intersec
the county from east to west. Parts of this coun
ty are very fertile, both in tillage and pasture,
which enables the inhabitants to produce a consid-
erable surplus of grain, and small black cattle,
with which, and some few sheep and wool, they
obtain a tolerable supply of manufactured and co-
lonial productions. The principal towns besides
Cardigan are Aberystwith and Llanbeder.

Cardigan, the chief town of the preceding
county, is situate at the mouth of the Tievy, ovei
which is a handsome bridge of seven arches, at the
S. W. extremity of the county. It had formerly
a strong and an extensive castle, of which but
little now remains. It was from hence that the
first descent upon Ireland was made by the Eng-
lish. The church is a spacious edifice; the
county gaol and hall have been rebuilt within
the present century. It is a corporate town, gov-
erned by a mayor, 12 aldermen, &c. and unites
with Aberystwith and Llanbeder in returning
one member to Parliament. Pop. in 1821, 2,397.
It is 25 m. E. N. E. of St. David’s Head, 132 m.
west of Gloucester, and about the same distance
due east of Waterford, in Ireland. Its commerce
by sea is confined to the coast.

Cardigan Bay, is formed by St. David’s Head,
the western point of Pembrokeshire, south, in the
lat. of 51. 44. N. and 5. 17. W. long, and Bardsey
Island, off the S. W. point of Caernarvonshire
north, in the lat. of 52. 44. and 4. 39. of W. long,
the main coast of Caernarvonshire being in the
long, of about 4. it gives a stretch of about 40
miles from W. to E. and 50 from S. to N. within
the bay.

Cardona, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, with a
castle. Near it is a mountain of solid rock salt,
of which are made vases, snuffboxes, and trink-
ets ; and there are vineyards that produce excel-
lent wine. It is seated on the Cardenero, 36 in.
N. W. of Barcelona. Pop. about 3,000.