Newcastle Emlyn (or Newcastle in Emlyn), small
town, Kenarth par., Carmarthenshire, and Llandyfriog
par., Cardiganshire, on both sides of river Teifi, 8¼ miles
W. of Llandyssil sta. and 26 miles NAY. of Carmarthen,
pop. 1753; P.O., T.O., 1 Bank; is an ancient place, and
was at one period called Dinas Emlyn. It is said that
the Romans had a fortress here, and that on its site
was built the castle from which the town takes its
name. The castle, which forms the chief object of
interest, was held for the king during the Civil AYar,
since which time it has fallen into decay. Newcastle
Emlyn contains Adpar, one of the Cardigan District of
Pari. Boroughs, which returned 1 member until 1885.

Newcastle under Lyme, pari, and mun. bor.,
market town, and par., Staffordshire, on Lyme Brook,
16 miles NW. of Stafford, 40 miles S. of Manchester,
and 147 miles NW. of London by rail—par., 621 ac.,
pop. 17,493; mun. bor. (including also small part of
Trentham par.), 650 ac., pop. 17,508; pari. bor. (includ-
ing also the local government district of Tunstall and
other parts of Wolstanton par.), pop. 49,293 ; 3 Banks,
1 newspaper. Market-days, Monday and Saturday.
The name of Newcastle is derived from a castle which
was built here about 1180, in place of an older one at
Chesterton under Lyme. The earliest charter is supposed
to have been granted by Henry II. Historically the town
has no special interest. Much of its modern importance
is due to its proximity to the Potteries, in which many
of the inhabitants obtain employment. Ironworks and
collieries are in the neighbourhood. The mfr. of hats,
at one time the leading industry, has declined; but
several other mfrs., such as brewing, malting, tanning,
and papermaking, are conducted with fair activity. A
branch canal—the Newcastle Lower Canal—connects
the town with the Grand Trunk Navigation to the
Trent, Mersey, Severn, and Thames. Newcastle under
Lyme returns 1 member to Parliament; it returned 2
members until 1885, when the parliamentary limits
were extended so as to include a large part of AYol-
stanton par.

Newcastle upon Tyne, pari, and mun. bor., city,
seaport, market town, and county of itself, North-
umberland, on river Tyne, 10 miles from its mouth,
117 miles SE. of Edinburgh and 276 miles NAA⁷. of
London by rail, 5371 ac., pop. 145,359 ; 8 Banks, 11
newspapers. Market-days, Tuesday and Saturday.
Newcastle was originally called Pons iElii, from a
bridge erected (120) by the Emperor Hadrian; its
modern name originated from a fortress built (1080) by
Robert Curthose, son of AVilliam the Conqueror. It
was an important stragetic key during the old Border
feuds between England and Scotland, and suffered in
the Civil War. Modern Newcastle, through the rich
mineral products of the neighbourhood, and the in-
dustrial genius and activity of the inhabitants, has
attained a first position among the great centres of
British business enterprise. Being in the midst of
one of the largest coalfields in England, it exports im-
mense quantities of that commodity; also iron, chemi-
cals, hardware, glass, earthenware, and machinery.
Important industries are shipbuilding, the mfr. of
locomotive and marine engines, cannon, patent shot,
tools, fire-bricks, hemp and wire ropes, cables, anchors,
sails, &e. The port (which is one of the Tyne Ports)
has a very extensive traffic, greatly facilitated by the
Northumberland andTyne Docks, which cost £2,500,000.
(For shipping statistics, see Appendix.) Among its
public works a great feature of the town is its series of
fine bridges across the Tyne to Gateshead. The famous
High Level Bridge (1846-50) of Robert Stephenson has
an extreme length of 1375 ft., the upper part being 112
ft. above high water. The Swing Bridge (opened
1876), constructed by Sir W. Armstrong, is one of the
largest of the kind in the world, and allows free navi-
gation of the river. St Nicholas’ Church (1359, restored
1879) is a very fine building, with a pointed spire (194
ft.), a peal of 8 bells, and an altar piece by Tintoretto.
The central railway station and the general market are
remarkable for their commodiousness and convenience.
The Town Hall and offices form a large and imposing
range of buildings. Richard Grainger, a builder in the
town, is credited with the great improvements effected
in the construction of new streets and buildings. Con-
nected with the educational state of the town, it may
be mentioned that the school system both for elementary
and secondary pupils is excellent; special institutions
are an institute of mining, a college of medicine, and a
college of physical science attached to Durham Univer-

Gazetteer of the British Isles, Statistical and Topographical, by John Bartholomew, F.R.G.S.

Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1887. Public domain image from Gedcomindex.com