008    CONSTITUTION OF NEW-HAMPSHIRE.

public instruction in morality and religion; therefore, to promote those
important purposes, the people of this State have a right to empower,
and do hereby fully empower, the Legislature to authorize, from time
to time, the several towns, parishes, bodies corporate, or religious soci-
eties within this State, to make adequate provision, at their own ex-
pense, for the support and maintenance of public, protestant teachers of
piety, religion and morality:

Provided, notwithstanding, That the several towns, parishes, bodies
corporate, or religious societies, shall at all times have the exclusive
right of electing their own public teachers, and of contracting with them
for their support and maintenance. And no person, of any one partic-
ular religious sect or denomination, shall ever be compelled to pay
towards the support of the teacher or teachers of another persuasion,
sect, or denomination.

And every denomination of Christians, demeaning themselves quietly,
and as good subjects of the State, shall be equally under the protection
of the law; and no subordination of any one sect or denomination to
another shall ever be established by law.

And nothing herein shall be understood to affect any former contracts
made for the support of the ministry; but all such contracts shall re-
main and be in the same state as if this constitution had not been made.

Art. 7. The people of this State have the sole and exclnsive’riglit of
governing themselves as a free, sovereign and independent State, and
do, and forever hereafter shall exercise and enjoy every power, juris-
diction and right pertaining thereto, which is not or may not hereafter
be by them expressly delegated to the United States of America, in
Congress assembled.

Art. 8. All power residing originally in, and being derived from the
people, all the magistrates and officers of government are their, substi-    .

tutes and agents, and at all times accountable to them.

Art. 9. No office or place whatsoever in government shall be hered-
itary—the abilities and integrity requisite in all not being transmissible
to posterity or relations.

Art. 10. Government being instituted for the common benefit, pro-
tection and security of the whole community, and not for the private
interest or emolument of any one man, family or class of men; there-
fore, whenever the ends of government are perverted, and public liberty
manifestly endangered, and all other means of redi’ess are ineffectual,
the people may, and of right ought to, reform the old or establish a new
government. The doctrine of non-resistance against arbitrary power
and oppression is absurb, slavish, and destructive of the good and
happiness of mankind.

Art. IL All elections ought to he free, and every inhabitant of the
State, having the proper qualifications, has equal right to elect and be
elected into office.

Art. 12. Every member of the community has a right to be protected
by it in the enjoyment of liis life, liberty, and property. He is therefore
hound to contribute his share in the expense of such protection, and to
yield his personal service when necessary, or an equivalent. But no
part of a man’s property shall he taken from him or applied to public
uses, without his own consent, or that of the representative body of the
people. Nor are the inhabitants of this State controllable by any other
laws than those to which they, or their representative body, have given
their consent.

Art. 13. No person who is conscientiously scrupulous about the law-
fulness of bearing arms, shall be compelled thereto, provided he will
pay an equivalent.

Art. 14. Every subject of this State is entitled to a certain remedy,
by having recourse to the laws for all injuries he may receive in his
person, property or character, to obtain right and justice freely, without