fid; imprisonment for various periods, in most
cases, supplies its place. The principal prison is
the house of correction, called also the Rasp-
house, because the chief employment of its in-
mates is the cutting and rasping of Brazil wood.
In this place of confinement, no one is suffered to
be idle; and thus the government is indemnified
for much of the expenditure incurred; and the
prisoners, on their part, are frequently reclaimed,
by its wholesome and rigid discipline, from the
dissolute and vicious habits which led them to be-
come its inmates. In the yard of the prison is
one cell, and one only, for the treatment of the
incorrigibly idle. A stream of water constantly
flows into it, which can only be discharged through
a pump set up within. The only means, there-
fore, by which the inmate can avoid being over-
whelmed by the ingress of the water is by work-
ing incessantly at the pump : if he persists in his
idleness, he is inevitably drowned. It is said that
it is now never used.

The workhouse is intended for minor offences;
some of which are not recognised by our laws.
Husbands may send their wives thither on a
charge of drunkenness or extravagance; and they
are themselves liable to punishment for the same
offences. Young women, also, even of good fam-
ilies, are sometimes sent thither as to a school of
rigorous reformation. The charitable institutions
are numerous, and generally well conducted.

Amsterdam can boast of a fair proportion of
literary and scientific societies. The principal,
named Felix Mentis, comprehends among its
members most of the literature of the kingdom.
Its business is distributed among five classes or
committees : one fbr agriculture, manufactures,
and commerce; the second for mathematics and
its kindred sciences; the third for the polite arts;
the fourth for music; and the fifth for general or
miscellaneous literature. The building contains
a theatre for the delivery of lectures, a museum,
a gallery of sculpture, a drawing school, and an
observatory commanding a fine view of the city
and its environs. The public botanic garden,
though plentifully stocked, does not contain any
plants of extraordinary value. In the Royal
Academy of Liberal Arts, a late institution for
communicating instructions in painting, sculp-
ture, and architecture, pensions for four years are
granted to the most deserving pupils, which are
appropriated to a journey to Italy. In the naval
schools, children of common seamen, when prop-
erly recommended, are educated gratuitously; as
are the sons of officers, on the payment of a small
pension. All are treated alike; and almost every
officer who has elevated the naval character of
hi* country has received his education here.

Amsterdam and St. Paul, two islands in the
'ndian Ocean, lying in the same longitude, at
40 m. distance. Their names are reversed by nav-
_I igatcrs. but most of them call the northern one
St. Paul, and the southern Amsterdam. The
latter is high land, and upward of 4 m. long, and
2 broad. It has evident marks of volcanic erup-
tion in every part, and is almost wholly covered
with a deep fertile soil, but is destitute of trees.
On the east side is a great crater, into which the
sea has made a narrow and shallow entrance ; its
shelving sides are 700 feet in perpendicular height,
in which, and in the causeway dividing it from
the sea, are several hot springs of fresh water.
St. Paul, or the northern island, presents no
very high land, or any rise in a conic form. It
is covered with shrubs and low trees, but has no
convenient landing-place. Long. 77. 48. E. la*.

37. 51. S.

Amsterdam, New, one of the Friendly islanus.
See Tongataboo.

Amsterdam, p t. Montgomery Co. N. Y. 33 m.
N. W. Albany. Pop. 3,354.

Amu, Gihon, Ami, or Oxus, a river of Indepen-
dent Tartary, formed by numerous streams which
issue from the mountains of Belur, on the con-
fines of India and Persia, and flowing W. by N.
through Bucharia, enters the S. extremity of the
lake Aral after a course of 1,200 m., part of which
is through a desert.

Amwell, a village in Hertfordshire, 1 m. S. of
Ware, famous for originally giving rise to the
New River, which supplies a great part of London
with water.

Amwell, p.t. Washington Co. Pa.

Anaeopia, the capital of the nation of the
Abkahs, on the river Makai, near its entrance
into the Black sea. Long. 40. 30. E. lat. 43.20. N.

Anadir, a river of Siberia, which has its source
in a lake in the province of Tchukotski, and runs
into Notchen Bay, near Behring’s straits.

Ana Capri. See Capri.

Anah, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Diarbeck,
in a country producing abundance of corn and
fruit. It stands on a river that flows into the
Euphrates, 80 m. W. N. W. of Bagdad and 240
S. S.E. of Diarbekir. Long. 42.28. E. lat. 34. 6. N.

Anantpour, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore,
100 m. N. E. of Chitteldroog, and 120 N. of Ban-
galore.

Anaquito, a district in the province of Quito,
and kingdom of Peru, where Almagro and Piz-
arro (joint discoverers of Peru,) engaged each
other in battle, in 1546.

AtuUtom, an island, the most southern of the
New Hebrides, in the Pacific ocean. Long. 170. 9.
E. lat. 20. 10. N.

Anbar, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Trac Arabi,
seated on the Euphrates, 50 m. W. of Bagdad.

Anearani, a town of Italy, 5 m. N. of Ascoli,
and 82 N. E. of Rome.

Ancaster, p.t. Upper Canada, at the W. end of
L. Ontario.

Ancaster, a village in Lincolnshire, Eng. 15 m.
S. Lincoln. It stands on a Roman high-way at the
foot of a hill which abounds with antiquities,
and at the S. end are the remains of a castle.

Ancenis, a town of France, in the department
of Lower Loire, seated on the Loire, 20 m. E. of
Nantes.

Ancholm, a river in Lincolnshire, Eng. which ri-
ses near Market Raisin, flows to Glandford-bridge
and is navigable thence to the Humber.

Andam, a fortified town of Hither Pomerania,
on the river Peene, 20 m. S. E. of Gripswald.

Aticoder, a territory of Guinea, on the Gold
coast, to the W. of Axim. It has a river of the
same name flowing through it; and at its mouth
is a town with a good harbour. Long. 1. 10. W
lat. 4.50. N.

Ancona, Marquisate of, a maritime province of
the states of the church, Italy, bounded on the E.
by the Adriatic, and on the W. by the Apennines;
it is very fruitful in corn, fruits and silk.

Ancona, a city and seaport of Italy in the a-
bove province, and a bishop’s see, with a citadel
on a hill. The cathedral stands upon another
hill, and the houses extend down the side of the
eminence toward the Gulf of Venice. Clement
XII. built a mole, to render the harbour safe ; it is
erected on the ruins of the ancient mole, raised by

D