here, and for the steamboats which make their
regular stops in passing up and down the river.
A railroad connects this place with the great Erie
Railroad at Chester, about 20 miles S. W.; and
a railroad is in progress from Fishkill, on the op-
posite side of the river, to unite with this branch,
and form a connection by way of Hartford, Ct.,
between Boston and the Erie Railroad.

Newburgwas incorporated as a village in 1800.
There is here an incorporated academy, a high
school, two female seminaries, and a number of
select schools, all in a flourishing condition. The
Presbyterians, Presbyterians Reformed, Dutch
Reformed, Associate Reformed, Methodists, Bap-
tists, Episcopalians, and Roman Catholics have
each a church, and some of them 2 each. A great
variety of manufacturing operations are carried
on here, the heaviest of which are iron founderies,
steam engine factories, machine shops, cordage
factories, flouring mills, plaster mills, tanneries,
carriage and chair factories, an extensive brewery,
&c., &c. The population in 1840 was about 6000;
in 1850, 11,415.

For a period, near the close of the revolution-
ary war, Newburg was the head quarters of Wash-
ington, and the old stone house, at the S. part of
the village, in which the general and his family
were accommodated, is still in a good state of
preservation. Here it was that the celebrated
“ Newburg Letters '' were addressed to the army,
by some of the officers, anonymously, designed to
excite them to mutiny; and that Washington, by
his great influence, so nobly defeated the design,
and secured the confidence and affections of the
army for the government. Here, at the close of
the war, on the 23d of June, 1783, the army,
which had achieved and endured so much in es-
tablishing our national independence, was finally
disbanded.

Newburg, Te., c. h. Lewis co.

Newbury, Pa., York co. Bounded S. by Cone-
wago Creek, and W. by Beaver Creek and Stony
Run. Fishing Creek also waters its N. E. corner.
Surface undulating; soil gravel and calcareous
loam. 12 miles N. from York.

Newbury, Vt., Orange co. This is a beautiful
town on the W. side of Connecticut River, and
supplied with mill privileges by Wells River and
Hariman's and Hill's Brooks. These brooks have
their sources in ponds of considerable size. New-
bury comprises the tract commonly called the
Great Oxbow, on a bend in Connecticut River.
This tract is of great extent, and celebrated for
its luxuriance and beauty. The town contains a
number of mineral springs, of some celebrity in
scrofulous and cutaneous complaints. The vil-
lages of Newbury and Wells River are very pleas-
ant. This town is connected with Haverhill, N.
H., by two bridges. The settlement was com-
menced in the spring of 1762. The first family
was that of Samuel Sleeper. 27 miles S. E. from
Montpelier, and 20 N. E. from Chelsea. The
Passumpsic Railroad passes through this town.

Newburyport, Ms. City, port of entry, and a
shire town of Essex co. 34 miles N. by E. from
Boston. Population in 1790,4837; 1800,5946;
1810, 7634; 1820,6852 ; 1830,6375; 1840,7161 ;
1850, 9572. It is beautifully situated upon a gen-
tle acclivity, on the S. bank of the Merrimac, near
its junction with the ocean. Its population occu-
pies an area of about 2 miles in length by about
one quarter of a mile in breadth. At the two
extremities of this area, upon the river, and so
60
closely connected with the town as to appear one
with it, are two populous villages, lately annexed
to Newburyport from the town of Newbury.
The territory of Newburyport proper is smaller
than that of any other town within the common-
wealth. It contains somewhat more than a
square mile, and was taken from Newbury in
1764.

The town is laid out with great regularity, in
the form of a parallelogram. Water Street, at
the head of the wharves and docks, follows the
-margin of the river. High Street runs nearly
parallel to the river, at a distance of 1000 feet
from it, and at an elevation of nearly 100 feet
above its level. This has always been admired as
a finely-located and most beautiful street. Near
the centre of the town, adjoining High Street, is
a fine pond, of about 6 acres, the level of which
is 60 feet above the river. This has been beauti-
fully embellished, by surrounding it with a mall
and terraced promenade. This elevation, in its
whole extent of about 3 miles, overlooks a de-
lightful prospect on the opposite side of the river,
embracing a view of the harbor, Plum Island, and
the Atlantic Ocean. From the mouth of the har-
bor Plum Island extends 9 miles, to the mouth
of Ipswich River.

The houses in Newburyport are generally neat,
and many are elegant, being surrounded often
with beautiful grounds and gardens. The town
has 10 or 12 houses of public worship; and its
other public buildings are numerous and elegant.
The custom house is of rough granite, with a fine
wrought portico of the Grecian Doric order,
which cost $25,000. A beautiful cemetery has
been recently established in the immediate vicin-
ity of the town, in a grove of venerable oaks, and
forms a most inviting resort to the contemplative.

This town was early noted for its commerce
and ship building. The vessels built here attained
a high reputation throughout the colonies, and in
the mother country. After a decline of many
years, during the peculiar reverses of the place,
the business of ship building is again on the in-
crease. Some of the finest packets and swift-
sailing merchantmen of New York have been
recently built here. Several of these packet ships
have been upwards of 1000 tons'burden. There
were built, for freighting and packet ships, during
the year 1844, 6200 tons, besides about 1000 tons
of smaller vessels, including one steamer.

No place in New England has experienced se-
verer commercial vicissitudes than this town. The
commercial restrictions fell upon it with disas-
trous effect. Its capital had become largely in-
vested in the fisheries and freighting business, and
the suspension of its commerce and ship building
was long and severely felt. In 1811, before it had
recovered from these severe losses, it was visited
with an extensive conflagration. Its central and
most compact and valuable portion, covering an
area of 16 acres, was laid in ashes. Superadded
to these accumulated disasters, the war of 1812
greatly checked its prosperity; and at the con-
clusion of peace its wealth and population had
greatly diminished. It continued to decline till
about 1830. Since that time it has been gradu-
ally recovering its former prosperity, and is now
advancing in wealth and population. In 1830,
the manufacture of cotton by steam power was
commenced here. There are now several incor-
porated companies for this purpose. Their mills
are 4 stories high, and their aggregate length is